Animals are sometimes kept in atrocious conditions.
動物有時被飼養在惡劣的環境中。
We often read or hear about animal cruelty cases involving dogs, cats, and less frequently, other animals. In these cases, the authorities step in to _(1)_ the pets from their inhumane conditions and neglectful masters. In addition, investigations are carried out and charges may be _(2)_ against these owners. Yet in the world of factory farming, practices that cause great discomfort and pain to the livestock occur on a routine _(3)_, with only a limited amount of public opposition.
One common element of factory farming is the extremely packed conditions in which the animals are _(4)_ to live. In poultry production, for example, egg-laying hens are _(5)_ into small cages, which are stacked one on top of the other. It's _(6)_ uncommon for hundreds of thousands of captive hens to exist in a single building. Conditions can be even less humane in another aspect of poultry farming—chickens raised for food. Since animals herded together in crowded conditions are more apt to fight, farmers sometimes debeak the chickens, which involves cutting their beaks off so they can't peck at each other.
Pigs raised for pork production go through a different painful procedure known _(7)_ docking. This refers to cutting their tails off so that they are not bitten by other pigs. Another _(8)_ that causes concern for animal rights activists is the use of gestation crates. These enclosures made of steel bars are _(9)_ small that a breeding sow is unable to turn around or stretch at all. This means the animals are forced to live in their own filth. While some countries have _(10)_ laws to improve conditions for the animals in factory farms, there is still a lot more that needs to be done.
(A) not (B) filed (C) basis (D) remove (E) practice
(F) forced (G) as (H) crammed (I) enacted (J) so
1.In these cases, the authorities step in to remove the pets from their inhumane conditions and neglectful masters.
理由:
a. 空格前有 to，當知之後應接原形動詞，形成 to 所引導的不定詞片語，選項中只有 (D) 項 remove （移除）及 (E) 項 practice（綀習）為原形動詞。惟按語意，僅 (D) 為正選。
b. 此動詞可與介詞 from 搭配形成下列固定用法：
remove A from B 把 A 從 B 上移除
This detergent can remove most stubborn stains from your clothes.
這種清潔劑能去除你衣服上最頑強的汙垢。
c. conditions n. 環境（恆用複數）
Can you tell me under what conditions plants grow best?
你能否告訴我植物在什麼環境下生長得最好？
2.In addition, investigations are carried out and charges may be filed against these owners.
理由:
a. 空格前有 be 動詞，得知空格內可能置形容詞、過去分詞或現在分詞以形成主詞補語，符合上述的選項計有 (B) filed （被提出）、(F) forced （被強迫）、(H) crammed （被塞入）及 (I) enacted （被頒布），惟 filed 填入後符合語意，故選 (B) 項。
file a charge / lawsuit against...
對……提出控訴
The family has filed a lawsuit against the department store for the discrimination.
該家庭針對那次不公平的待遇向百貨公司提起訴訟。
b. 空格內也可置名詞，然而 (C) basis （基礎）前須加冠詞 a 或 the，故 (C) 項不可選。而填入 (E) 項 practice （做法、綀習），語意不合，故也不能選。
3.Yet in the world of factory farming, practices that cause great discomfort and pain to the livestock occur on a routine basis, with only a limited amount of public opposition.
理由:
a. 空格前有介係詞 on，之後接不定冠詞 a，再接形容詞 routine （日常的，例行的），得知此處
空格應放名詞且須與 on 並用，因此應選 (C) basis，可形成下列固定用法：
on a... basis 在……的基礎上
You should exercise on a weekly basis for the sake of your health.
為了你的健康著想，你應該每週去運動。
4.One common element of factory farming is the extremely packed conditions in which the animals are forced to live.
理由:
a. 空格前有 be 動詞，可知空格內應置形容詞或
分詞形成主詞補語。符合上述的選項僅剩選項 (F) forced （被強迫）、(H) crammed （擁擠的、填塞）及 (I) enacted （制定、頒佈法案），本空格僅 forced 填入後符合語意，故選項 (F) 為正選。
b. 本題測試下列句型：
be forced to... 被迫從事……
Because of his injury, Peter was forced to drop out of the competition.
因為他的傷勢，彼得不得不退出這場比賽。
5.In poultry production, for example, egg-laying hens are crammed into small cages, which are stacked one on top of the other.
理由:
a. 空格前有 be 動詞 are，得知空格內可置形容詞、過去分詞或現在分詞形成主詞補語，但空格後頭有介係詞 into，選項中僅 (H) crammed （擁擠的、填塞）能與之並用，故選 (H) 為答案。
b. be crammed into... 被塞進……
Over 50 workers were crammed into the back of the truck.
五十多個工人被塞進卡車後車廂。
6.It's not uncommon for hundreds of thousands of captive hens to exist in a single building.
理由:
a. 空格後有否定形容詞 uncommon （罕見的）。故空格內應填入 (A) not 形成 be not uncommon，表『非常普遍』之意。
It's not uncommon... ……是很普遍的
= It's very common...
It is not uncommon for college students to have student loans.
大學生有就學貸款是很普遍的事。
b. 根據上述，僅 (A) 項符合語意，故為正選。
7.Pigs raised for pork production go through a different painful procedure known as docking.
理由:
a. 空格前有過去分詞 known，known 作過去分詞當形容詞使用時，可與下列介系詞搭配形成下列固定用法：
be known as... 被稱為……
Taiwan was once known as "Formosa."
台灣曾被稱為『福爾摩沙』。
be known to sb 為某人所熟知
The acclaimed movie star is known to every one of us.
這位廣受好評的電影明星為我們大家所熟知。
be known for... 因……而聞名
France is known for its fine wine.
法國因其優質葡萄酒而聞名。
b. 根據上述，應選 (G) 項為正選。
c. 本句原等於：
Pigs (which are) raised for pork production go through a different painful procedure (that is) known as docking.
8.Another practice that causes concern for animal rights activists is the use of gestation crates.
理由:
a. 空格前有限定詞 Another （另一個），得知空格內應置名詞。選項中僅剩 (E) practice （做法）為名詞，故為正選。
b. practice n. 做法
common / standard / normal practice
普通∕標準∕正常的做法
It's standard practice to request parental consent in order for students to go on field trips.
學生要參加校外教學，得先徵求家長同意，這是標準的做法。
9.These enclosures made of steel bars are so small that a breeding sow is unable to turn around or stretch at all.
理由:
a. 空格後有 that 所引導的副詞子句，表『以致於……』，得知空格內應填 so，形成 "so + 形容詞 + that..."（如此……以致於……）的結構，that 在此處為副詞連接詞，引導的副詞子句修飾其前的 so，。故此處應選 (J) so （如此）。
Eric was so weak that he could barely stand.
艾瑞克當時身體很虛弱，因此他幾乎站不住了。
10.While some countries have enacted laws to improve conditions for the animals in factory farms, there is still a lot more that needs to be done.
理由:
a. 空格前有現在完成式的助動詞 have （已經），得知空格內應填入過去分詞且為及物動詞，使後面的 laws 為其受詞，故僅 (I) 為正選。
b. enact vt. 制定法律，頒佈法案
The sheriff refused to enact the law in his county.
該警長拒絕在其郡頒佈這條法規。
精解字詞片語
1.step in 介入，干預
= intervene vi.
The military may step in if the crisis continues.
如果這場危機繼續下去，軍方可能會介入。
2.carry out... 執行……
Carrying out experiments on animals is regarded as inhumane.
在動物身上做實驗被視為不人道的。
3.opposition n. 反對
oppose vt. 反對
be opposed to + N/Ving 反對……
Some parents are opposed to their children having boyfriends or girlfriends before they are 18.
有些父母反對小孩 18 歲以前交男女朋友。
4.stack vt. 把……疊成一堆
Kevin got a job stacking boxes at a shipping company.
凱文找到了一份在海運公司疊箱子的工作。
5.herd vt. 把……趕在一起
The prisoners were herded together into the yard for an announcment.
那些犯人被集體趕進院子裡聆聽宣佈事項。
6.be apt to V 有……的傾向，易於……
= tend to V
Babies are apt to put objects into their mouths.
小寶寶很容易把東西放到嘴巴裡。
7.refer to... 指的是……
The stars in front of the vocabulary words refer to those that are intended for advanced learners.
那些詞彙前面的星號標記指的是專為進階學習者所設計。
8.enclosure n. 圍場；圍住
a wildlife enclosure 野生動物圍場
The zoo's new bear enclosure is finally open for viewing.
關在動物園裡新進的熊終於被開放觀賞了。
9.stretch vt. 伸展肢體
After sitting for a long time, I stood up to stretch my legs.
久坐之後，我站起來伸展一下雙腳。
單字小舖
1.factory farming 集約畜牧
2.atrocious a. 駭人聽聞的
3.cruelty n. 虐待，殘酷的行為
4.the authorities n. 相關當局
5.inhumane a. 不人道的
6.neglectful a. 疏忽的；不注意的
7.investigation n. 調查
8.discomfort n. 不舒服
9.livestock n. 家畜
10.packed a. 擁擠的
11.poultry n. 家禽（集合名詞，不可數）
12.on top of... 在……之上
13.captive a. 受監禁的
14.aspect n. 方面
15.debeak vt. & vi. 切去（雞等家禽）的嘴尖；去喙
16.beak n. 鳥嘴
17.peck vt. & vi. 啄
18.docking n. 剪短動物的尾巴
19.activist n. 激進分子
20.a gestation crate
懷孕鐵條籠（台灣稱母豬夾欄）
gestation n. 懷孕；懷孕期
crate n. 條板箱
21.a breeding sow 母種豬
breeding a. 繁殖用的
sow n. 母豬
22.filth n. 骯髒；污物
中文翻譯
我們常讀到或聽說動物虐待的事件，當中包括了狗、貓和一些較不常聽到的其他動物。在這些情況下，相關當局就會介入，將這些動物帶離非人道的環境及粗心大意的主人身旁。此外，相關當局會進行調查，並可能會對那些飼主提出控告。然而在集約畜牧的領域裡，常發生的一些例行做法會造成家畜極度不適及痛苦，卻只有少數的民眾反對。
集約畜牧的一個常見因素就是那些動物被迫居住在極度擁擠的環境裡。舉家禽業為例，蛋雞被塞進小籠子裡，而那些籠子是一個個堆疊在一起。數十萬隻圈養母雞生存在單一建築內這種情況並不罕見。就家禽養殖業的另一方面而言，肉雞養殖的環境就更不人道了。由於被趕集在擁擠環境的動物比較容易發生打鬥，所以農夫有時候會把那些雞的喙割除，如此一來牠們就無法互相啄對方了。
那些被飼養來提供豬肉的肉豬也會經歷不同的痛苦過程，這個過程被稱為『去尾（docking）』。這指的是把豬的尾巴割除，如此一來豬隻才不會被其他豬咬。另一種做法則造成動物權益保護份子關切，也就是懷孕鐵條籠（台灣稱母豬夾欄）的使用。這些由鋼條所圍成的一塊地，而地小到母種豬連稍微轉動身軀或伸展四肢都不行。也就是說這些動物被迫活在自己的排洩物中。儘管某些國家已經頒布法令要改善集約畜牧動物的生長環境，我們還是有許多事需要完成。
答案：1. D 2. B 3. C 4. F 5. H
6. A 7. G 8. E 9. J 10. I
難句分析
Since animals herded together in crowded conditions are more apt to fight, farmers sometimes debeak the chickens, which involves cutting their beaks off so they can't peck at each other.
= Since animals which are herded together in crowded conditions are more apt to fight, farmers sometimes debeak the chickens, which involves cutting their beaks off so that they can't peck at each other.
由於被趕集在擁擠環境的動物比較容易發生打鬥，所以農夫有時候會把那些雞的喙割除，如此一來牠們就無法互相啄對方了。
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